Arcade machines utilize distinct technological principles for light gun and motion-based controls, creating immersive player experiences. For classic light guns, the most common method relies on Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor technology. When the player pulls the trigger, the screen momentarily blacks out, and the target area is drawn as a white square. The gun's photoreceptor detects this sudden burst of light. The arcade board calculates the time difference between the trigger pull and the light detection, precisely determining where the gun was aimed based on the monitor's scanning cycle. This method requires the specific refresh characteristics of CRT displays.

Modern arcade systems often employ alternative technologies. Infrared (IR) sensor systems are widely used, where LEDs placed around the screen emit signals. The light gun contains sensors that triangulate its position relative to these fixed points. Another approach uses camera-based optical recognition, where a small camera in the gun barrel simply sees where it is pointing on a digitally generated screen.

For motion-based controls, such as driving wheels, flight yokes, or rhythm game peripherals, arcade cabinets use a variety of physical sensors. Potentiometers, optical rotary encoders, and Hall effect sensors translate physical movement into digital signals. These components measure the rotation, angle, and speed of the controller, providing the game with precise input data. Force feedback is often added using motors and gears to simulate real-world sensations like road vibration or weapon recoil, significantly enhancing gameplay immersion. These robust systems are designed to withstand constant public use while maintaining accuracy and responsiveness.