Anti-debugging techniques in arcade machine executables are designed to prevent reverse engineering, tampering, and unauthorized modifications. These methods are crucial for protecting intellectual property and ensuring fair gameplay. Here are some of the most common anti-debugging techniques used in arcade games:

1. Debugger Detection: Executables may check for the presence of debuggers like OllyDbg or x64dbg by scanning processes, memory, or system APIs.

2. Timing Checks: The code measures execution time to detect delays caused by breakpoints or single-stepping in a debugger.

3. Code Obfuscation: Critical functions are obscured to make static analysis difficult, often using encryption or junk code.

4. Self-Modifying Code: The executable alters its own instructions at runtime, confusing debuggers that rely on static analysis.

5. Exception Handling: Custom exception handlers disrupt debugging by triggering intentional crashes or misdirection.

6. Hardware Breakpoint Detection: The code checks for hardware breakpoints set by debuggers, often using CPU registers.

7. Anti-Dumping: Techniques like memory encryption prevent executable dumps from being analyzed offline.

These methods ensure arcade games remain secure against hackers and cheaters, preserving the integrity of the gaming experience. Understanding these techniques is essential for both developers and security researchers.